Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Essay - 912 Words

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Life History The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an obligate intracellular parasite found exclusively in humans. It is responsible for weakening the immune system and leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The first case of AIDS was diagnosed in the U.S. in 1981, and in 1984 it was first proven that HIV caused AIDS. There is currently a pandemic of HIV/AIDS, with the highest incidence rate in Sub-Saharan Africa and the lowest rates in Western Europe and North America, due to better healthcare. Transmission HIV is spread by sexual contact or blood-to-blood contact. HIV is most commonly spread by sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Another important mode†¦show more content†¦HIV primarily attacks CD4+ helper T cells by recognizing and binding the CD4 receptor on the surface of the T cells. It can sometimes invade monocytes and macrophages as well since they also have some CD4 receptors on their surfaces. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are secreted at higher levels in infected individuals, and this may help activate the HIV proviruses (latent viruses). HIV has a high mutation rate during replication with the reverse transcriptase, which is why it is able to readily evade our immune response. Disease HIV causes the gradual weakening of the immune system which can culminate in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). About 2-4 weeks after initial infection with HIV there are generally flu-like symptoms that usually resolve themselves in a couple of weeks. The infected person then may go asymptomatic for a long time, often many years. The average development of AIDS in western nations, if untreated, is about 10-12 years after the initial infection of HIV. Persons with AIDS experience fatigue and excessive weight loss, along with fever, night sweats and swollen lymph nodes. The immune system is highly diminished in AIDS patients making them susceptible to many opportunistic diseases such as pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carnii. AIDS patients can also develop neurological disorders and certain cancers associated such as Kaposi’s sarcoma andShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1359 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the human immunodeficiency virus (H IV) as well as the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The virus has infected two million adults and children by the year 2005 already. The virus continues to race around the world, and new HIV infections are at 50,000 per year (Martine Peeters, Matthieu Jung, Ahidjo Ayouba) (2013). The final outcome of the HIV infection is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). There are many treatments that have developed to help the large numberRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus Essay1208 Words   |  5 PagesHIV has been a pandemic that has affected the world relentlessly for many years in a never-ending circle. HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, is the virus that is spread through certain bodily fluids and can lead to AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). HIV attacks the immune system by destroying CD4+ T cells, which leaves the person infected with HIV vulnerable to other infections, diseases, and other complications.1 Once this virus is acquired, the human can ne ver fully rid itself of thisRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )884 Words   |  4 Pages(2010), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a virus that affects the human immune system, leading to a chronic, progressive sickness that leaves people susceptible to opportunistic infections. When the body no longer can fight or resist infections, the condition is at this point referred to as AIDS, which means Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Averagely, it has been found to take more than ten years to develop from initial infection of HIV to AIDS. Though simple in description, HIV and AIDSRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )862 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the cause of AIDS. More than 33.4 million people worldwide are infected with the HIV virus today. HIV stands for Human Immunodeficiency virus. HIV is a virus similar to that of the flu or common cold. The differentiating factor is that with the flu and cold, your body will eventually clear the virus out of your system, but with the HIV virus, the immune system cannot clear it. Getting HIV means you have it for life. The virus immediately beginsRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1261 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has become more commonly seen in the world. It is important to show compassion rather than judging that patient based on a virus. The hygienist plays an important role in making the patient feel comfortable and in a judgment free environment. The patient should not feel as if the disease or virus defines the overall character of the patient. Standards precautions are still the same when treating all patients with or without a compromisingRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )948 Words   |  4 PagesThe Uses of Blood by the HIV Virus Blood-borne diseases have contributed greatly to poor health outcomes among individuals and communities. Though blood fulfills various functions to ensure our survival, it can also act as the mechanism through which we become diseased. Understanding the characteristics of such infectious diseases is essential to preventing further cases. In this paper I will discuss how the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses blood to cause illness within the infected individualRead MoreHiv And Human Immunodeficiency Virus1205 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is HIV? HIV is a fatal disease which stands for â€Å"Human Immunodeficiency Virus† it is a failure to the immune system to protect the body from any infections. This virus causes a condition called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When HIV is left untreated it leads to another disease called â€Å"AIDS†. It can occur in any age, race, sex or sexual orientation. The highest risk of contracting HIV is having unprotected sex and sha ring needles with others. Another factor are people that have STI’s andRead MoreThe Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )980 Words   |  4 Pages The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is an immune system disorder that can be contracted through sexual activity as well as other types of contact. (Healthy Living, pg. 79) If left untreated this virus can turn into AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the final stage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (aids.gov) AIDS is an incurable progressive disease that causes gradual destruction of CD4 T cells by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (Diseases, pg. 431) A healthyRead MoreHiv, Or Human Immunodeficiency Virus998 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 1 HIV, or Human Immunodeficiency Virus, attacks the human immune system and greatly weakens the body’s ability to fight foreign invaders and infection. HIV first demanded notice in the early 1980s in the United States in homosexual men displaying illnesses like Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. The disease was soon observed in IV drug users, hemophiliacs, and blood transfusion recipients, but became publicized as a â€Å"gay disease,† nicknamed by the media as GRID, or Gay-RelatedRead MoreHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv )1349 Words   |  6 Pages Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retro virus that causes AIDs by infecting the T Helper cells of the body’s immune system. The AIDS virus is the final stages of the HIV virus. HIV is a lentivirus genus, which is a subgroup of the retrovirus that causes the AIDS virus. Even with proper treatment, an infected person has a life expectancy of less than ten years.As the virus weakens t he human immune systems, this effectleaves the patient compromised and at risk to opportunistic infections

Hcv And Unawareness Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

1-Identification and definition of a clinical job / contention in my country of involvement /expertise. Problem: Even though HCV is a deathly virus, its hazard factors are many, and its prevalence is high, many people either cognize nil about it or disregard its importance. Unknowingness is particularly a job among immature grownups due to a deficiency of instruction in schools, and to a figure of socio-demographic and socio-economic factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Hcv And Unawareness Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now designation of the population of involvement for the reappraisal of the literature. HCV is a disease that targets everyone ( all ages / males and females ) , and in the literature, surveies focused on prevalence of HCV among people of all ages. However few surveies concentrated on the relation of HCV prevalence with certain occupational exposures such as tattoo, organic structure piercing, socioeconomically background aˆÂ ¦ In add-on to that few surveies concentrated on childs and the prevalence of hepatitis C in their age group. So if a survey is to be done on the relation between consciousness and HCV, an age group from 18 to 21 is the best to analyze because they are the most who get involved in hazardous behaviours such as drugs and they are the major age group who get tattoos and body piercings.Majority of patients that were HCV positive were below age of 50 ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) Population of involvement: Lebanese immature grownups with tattoos and/or piercings in Lebanon, with and without HCV aged 18-21. Dependent variable: HCV infection Independent variable: Awareness Brief debut of the job or contention ( why I selected, its significance and clinical deductions. Harmonizing to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) worldwide is estimated to be 3 % ; this translates to about 170 million people infected with the virus globally ( CDC, 2009 ) . The prevalence varies from state to state, In the Middle East ( Lebanon included ) , the prevalence is reported to be 1-5 % ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) . The prevalence even varies between different populations-with the prevalence of HCV in blood giver populations being every bit low as 0.6 % and every bit high as 80 % in endovenous drug users ( Jamal et al. ,2010 ) . HCV causes redness of the liver which has damaging effects on wellness, taking to liver harm or liver failure-in many instances, it may ensue in decease ( CDC, 2009 ) . HCV can besides take to liver cirrhosis or liver malignant neoplastic disease ( CDC, 2009 ) . Hepatitis C can do either an acute infection, or in 75-85 % of the instances, chronic infection ( CDC, 2009 ) . In many cases, chronic hepatitis C tend s to travel unnoticed-early symptoms are normally flu-like such as febrility, weariness, sickness, purging and icterus, and be given to be in most cases over-looked by an septic individual ( CDC, 2009 ) . When symptoms do develop, the individual is already at an advanced phase of the disease, following harm to the liver caused by the virus. Infection is normally detected coincidentally by mensurating liver map and liver enzymes through everyday blood trials ; as a consequence, HCV is known as the â€Å" silent-killer † ( CDC, 2009 ) . HCV is blood-borne and can be transmitted through direct contact with septic blood such as through needle sharing ( as in the instance of drug maltreatment ) , sharing panpipes ( for illustration in blood transfusion centres ) , assholes from a needle-stick in infirmaries, and sharing bathroom gears such as razors or toothbrushes ( CDC, 2008 ) . In add-on, in scenes where there is hapless infection control-Hepatitis C can be transmitted via tattooing and piercing acerate leafs ( CDC, 2008 ) . This bring up the thought that these exposures are preventable, so it is a good survey to be done to research the original causes ( unawareness, neglect, peer pressureaˆÂ ¦ ) in order to undertake the job by the proper agencies ( instruction, rigorous regulations and ordinances, better testing techniquesaˆÂ ¦ ) This type of survey is of great significance because of: High figure of Hepatitis C instances in in-between E ( Lebanon included ) =4.6 % Catching diseases are taboo in Lebanon, and notably HCV Adolescents tend to acquire tattooed and/or pierced in secret because their parents do n’t accept the thought Adolescents may non be cognizant of the safety demands associated with handling acerate leafs Peoples affected by HCV tend to maintain it a secret and this increases the opportunities of disease transmittal No anterior surveies in Lebanon have attempted to analyze the impact of raising consciousness to hygienic patterns and infection control Summary of 6 articles ( Questions 4,5,6 ) Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness Centres of Lyon country, France ( F. Sahajian, 2006 ) In a cross-sectional survey conducted by F. Sahajian et Al. in Lyon, France, the prevalence of anti-HCV antibodies among 944 underprivileged persons patronizing 8 different wellness centres was found to be about 4.7 % ( 95 % CI: 3.4-6.2 ) . Participants were given both a written questionnaire, which remained anon. , and depending on their wellness position, or whether there was a linguistic communication barrier or non, were screened for anti-HCV antibodies. Hazard factors found to be independently associated with HCV infection utilizing a multivariate logistic arrested development theoretical account were IVDU [ OR=15.99, 95 % CI= 3.73-68.63, P lt ; 0.0001 ] , holding received healthcare abroad [ OR= 4.46, 95 % CI= 1.90-10.43, P=0.001 ] and have oning tattoos [ OR=2.75, 95 % CI= 1.01-7.51, P= 0.048 ] . Characteristics found to be independently associated with HCV infection included: age between 40-49, being holders of AME, or holding no societal security. Patients who were found to be HCV seropositive were given follow-up intervention with the counsel of their physician and the Lyon Reference Center of HCV Infection. Mention: F. Sahajian, P. V. et Al. ( 2006 ) . Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness Centres of Lyon country, France. European Journal of Public Health, 17 ( 3 ) , 263-271. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oxfordjournals.org Cardinal words: HCV, hazard factors ( EBSCO Host ) — — — — — — — — — — Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. ( M-D.Shi,2007 ) Consequences of another cross-sectional survey conducted among 1,897 Chinese male conscriptees showed that 2.5 % were infected with HCV ( Shi et al, 2007 ) . Furthermore, conscriptees infected with HCV had 5 times higher odds of exposure to tattooing than others, with an OR= 5.00 ; 95 % CI: 1.83-13.67 ; P lt ; 0.01 ( Shi et al, 2007 ) Mention: Shi MD, Lee SY, Lee YB. ( 2007 ) Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. Military Medicine, 172 ( 5 ) , 539-540. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ingentaconnect.com Cardinal words: HCV, tattoos ( EBSCO Host ) Hazard factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons. ( E.Roy,2001 ) Roy et Al ( 2001 ) found, in a survey conducted among street young persons in Montreal, that among those young persons infected with HCV, 56.5 % had at least one tattoo ( rough OR=4.1, 95 % CI: 2.3-7.4 ) . After multivariate logistic arrested development, it was found that when participants had more than one tattoo, there was a fringy association with HCV infection, adjusted OR=1.8, 95 % CI: 0.95-3.6 ( Roy et al, 2001 ) ; even though 1 is included in the assurance interval, a fringy association was established due to the little sample size. Mention: Roy E. , Haley N. , Leclerc P. , Boivin J. , Cedras L. , Vincelette J. ( 2001 ) . Hazard factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons. Canadian Medical Association, 165 ( 5 ) , 557-560. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/165/5/557.pdf Cardinal words: HCV, adolescents ( EBSCO Host ) — — — — — — — — — — Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. ( M.Raymond,2001 ) In a survey conducted by Monica Raymond et Al ( 2001 ) among 61 professional tattooists in Minneapolis, it was found that the bulk of participants agreed that blood borne pathogens are a hazard to clients if no attending is paid. Of the tattooists, 95 % strongly believed that a tattooist could catch disease from a client, and 87 % strongly agreed that they could distribute blood-borne pathogens from client to client if they were non hygienic ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . The conformity to infection control patterns was besides evaluated and it was found that older tattooists ( with gt ; 10 old ages of experience ) had the lowest mark of ascertained infection control ( 65.3 % ; 95 % CI 58.9-71.8 ) compared to tattooists with experience lt ; 10 old ages ( 74.6 % 95 % CI 68.5-80.7 ) ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . The survey besides showed that stores with a high figure of go toing professionals tended to hold better cognition in footings of infection control due to sharing of experience and co gnition ( Raymond et al, 2001 ) . Raymond et Al ( 2001 ) eventually concluded that though there was high consciousness about hazards involved with blood-borne diseases, their control, and the demand for safeguards among tattooists, this was non wholly applied in pattern. Mention: Raymond M. , Pirie P. , Halcon L. ( 2001 ) . Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. Association of Schools of Public Health, 116 ( 3 ) , 249-256. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.publichealthreports.org/userfiles/116_3/116249.pdf Cardinal words: tattoos, HCV, consciousness ( EBSCO Host ) — — — — — — — — — – Epidemiology of Hepatitis C virus ( HCV ) infection ( M. Jamal,2006 ) In an epidemiological article reappraisal Jamal M. et Al. identified the differences in HCV prevalence between different states and countries in the universe, values ranged from as 1.7 % in America to every bit high as 4.7 % in in-between E and 5.3 % in Africa.The reappraisal besides showed the difference in HCV prevalence between different groups with different hazard factors being every bit high as 90 % in endovenous drug users, the reappraisal besides identified the prevalence among blood givers, those who get haemodialysis and those who got the disease from sexual activity. The reappraisal eventually identified some bar techniques to undertake the issue and cut down the prevalence. Mazen J. ( 2006 ) . Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) Infection. International Journal of Medical Sciences,3 ( 2 ) , 41-46. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol ; //www.medsci.org Cardinal words: HCV, in-between E ( EBSCO Host ) — — — — — — — — — – Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications ( Lester B. Mayers, 2002 ) With the aims of finding the prevalence of organic structure art ( both tattoos and organic structure piercings ) among undergraduate university pupils and to find the incidence of medical complications associated with these patterns, Lester B. Mayers et al surveyed 454 pupils at Pace University in Pleasantville, NY. The cross-sectional study was voluntary, anon. , and included inquiries about organic structure piercings and tattoos ( both current and removed ) and their location on the organic structure, age and sex, undergraduate category, physical features ( weight, tallness, BMI ) , athletic position, every bit good as whether or non they faced any medical complications following organic structure art. Prevalence of organic structure piercings was found to be 51 % , while that of tattoos was found to be 23 % . I†¡2 analysis was used to find both differences and relationships between tattoos/piercings, and surveyed features, such as age and sex, undergraduate category, athletic position, tallness, weight, BMI ; it was besides used to find relationships between medical complications and sex. Valuess greater than 1.96 or less than -1.96 were considered statistically important ; significance for all other statistics was set at P lt ; 0.05. I†¡2 analysis showed that piercings were higher among females than males ( P=0.002 ) and that there was no statistically important difference between tattooing and sex. Other relationships that were found included: male jocks were more likely to hold tattoos than non-athletes ( P=.02 ) . Prevalence of medical complications associated with organic structure piercings was found to be 9.2 % . The chief medical complications that were associated with organic structure piercings were local injury, that is, local hurt or lacrimation of the site ( 1.5 % ) , shed blooding ( 2.4 % ) , and/or bacterial infections ( 4.6 % ) ; no viral infections were reported. Oral complications were reported in 6 % of lingua perforated pupils. Prevalence of complications differed between locations of piercings. No medical complications were associated with tattooing, and, as the writers province, this could be due to a figure of grounds: inquiries about hurt associated with tattooing in the study were non really clear ; and holding assumed that the pupils were likely to hold gotten their tattoo in the old 3-5 old ages, this window period was non a long adequate clip to observe infection with HBV, HCV, or HIV. Mention: Lester B. Mayers et Al. ( 2002 ) . Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in university undergraduates and incidence of medical complications. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 77 ( 1 ) , 29-34. Retrieved on Mar 19, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mayoclinicproceedings.com. Cardinal word: tattoos, pupils ( EBSCO Host ) — — — — — — — — — — Restrictions To place the spread, it is of import to expose the restrictions of each survey, In the first survey ( Prevalence of Body Art ( Body Piercing and Tattooing ) in University Undergraduates and Incidence of Medical Complications ) , the writer delt with the issue in one university puting which may take to non generalizability of the survey. In add-on to that, he measured the medical result utilizing a questionare which would n’t give the right prevalence of such diseases since it is largely soundless ( no serological trials were run to find prevalence of viral infections, and the deficiency of describing viral infections could be due to pupils non cognizing that they are infected instead so them non being infected at all. ) Both ( Screening run of hepatitis C among underprivileged people confer withing in wellness centres of Lyon country, France ) and ( Increased hazard of viral hepatitis in Chinese male conscriptees with tattoos. ) where not generalizable to the whole population since in the first, the topics are people from certain centres ( underprivileged ) . While in the 2nd survey topics were selected from a military background-subjects were of a specific age group, had a high degree of unsusceptibility, and had a better wellness profile than the remainder of the population. Besides Risk factors for Hepatitis C virus infection among street young persons ( Roy et al,2001 ) had little sample size. The survey conducted by Raymond et Al, 2001 ( Infection control among professional tattooists in Minneapolis and St. Paul, MN. ) which tackled the issue of consciousness but non among people who get tattoos but among tattooist and stores had describing prejudice ( Questionnaire ) , and so their pattern was monitored which could hold lead to alter in behavior under monitoring. The Gap The Gap: Most of the old surveies dealt with the prevalence of HCV and its relation with Tattoos and piercing ( causes ) and other societal and fiscal factors, they besides studied medically its results, medical diagnosing and remedies, but they did n’t undertake the issue of consciousness among people who are at hazard of HCV to analyze the existent cause behind high degree of this infective diseases. Therefore, no anterior surveies in Lebanon have attempted to analyze the impact of raising consciousness to hygienic patterns and infection control that should be in usage during tattooing or organic structure piercing and the hazard of undertaking Hepatitis C even though there are increasing marks that Lebanese adolescents are indulging in hazardous behaviours. How to cite Hcv And Unawareness Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Dk Basu V State of Westbengal free essay sample

When the researcher was faced with the task of selecting a specific aspect of the rights of the accused, she chose to concentrate on the rights of the arrested person. Thus, this paper shall focus on this legalsutra. org/1047/the-rights-of -the-accused-a-study -on-the-rights-of -the-arrested-person/print/ 2/16 used- A Study on the Rights of the Arrested Person | Legalsutra | Law Students †¦ 10/29/12 specific aspect. The definition of arrest is â€Å"a restraint of a man’s person, obliging him to be obedient to the law†. [2] Arrest means the total restraint and complete deprivation of liberty of a person by legal authority or at east, by apparent legal authority. [3] It has also been defined as â€Å"to restrain or detain a person by lawful authority†. [4] When one thinks of arrest, the picture that most often springs to one’s mind, fostered by television and films of American origin, is that of a police officer reading out the Miranda rules to the arr ested, informing him of his rights. We will write a custom essay sample on Dk Basu V State of Westbengal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Again, based on what one has seen in innumerable movie scenes, again, primarily of American origin, one knows by now that the arrested person has the right to remain silent, that he has the right to a lawyer and so on. Of course, the question that is relevant to us is whether these rights apply in India and more importantly, whether rights of an accused in themselves are a reality or whether they are, in fact, restricted merely to imagination. It has been observed by the Supreme Court that the law of arrest is one of balancing the rights, liberties and privileges of the individual on one hand, and his duties, obligations and responsibilities on the other. [5] Arrest is also about balancing the rights of the individual with that of society’s rights since a person is normally arrested for a crime that is usually defined as a wrong against society. The eternal question has always been the following: how much is too much? Are the police given the absolute authority to do as they like with the arrested person to ensure that justice is ultimately done or is it in order to render justice while ensuring that rights of the arrested are fully protected? In recent times, much attention has been focussed on the way the police treat arrested persons. In several instances, the necessity of arrest itself has been questioned. In this regard, the Third report of the National Police Commission has specified that arrest can be considered justified in the following cases: 1. The case involves a grave offence like murder, dacoity, robbery, rape, etc. , and it is necessary to arrest the accused and bring his movements under restraint to infuse confidence among the terror stricken victims 2. The accused is likely to abscond and evade the process of law 3. The accused is given to violent behaviour and is likely to commit further offences unless his movements are brought under restraint 4. The accused is a habitual offender and unless kept in custody, he is likely to commit similar offences again. [6] Following such recommendations, there have also been several cases that have discussed in detail the rights of the arrested person and what the police can and cannot do. The most important of them all is D. K. Basu v. State of West Bengal[7], often considered as the encyclopaedia on the law of arrest. This case has laid down several important dos and don’ts of arrest. For e. g. the person who has been arrested or detained and is being held in custody in a police station or interrogation centre or other lock-up shall be entitled to have one friend or relative or other person known to him or having interest in his welfare being informed, as soon as practicable, that he has been arrested and is being detained at the particular place. The person arrested must also be made aware of this right to have someone informed of his arrest or detention as soon as he is put under arrest or is detained. Thus, this judgement has tried to ensure the very least of rights to the arrested. However, before, this paper can go into the recommendations of various committees on the subject matter, it is important to examine the law of the land that ensure rights to the arrested person. In order to do this, this paper must go into the provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure[8] of India and determine which provisions ensure rights to the accused on arrest. This paper shall further endeavour to study the case law in relation to these provisions and try to determine the position of the Indian legal system with regard to legalsutra. rg/1047/the-rights-of -the-accused-a-study -on-the-rights-of -the-arrested-person/print/ 3/16 rights of the arrested persons. Finally, this paper shall attempt to resolve whether these rights ensured to the arrested person exist merely in the letter of the law or are put truly in practice by the police. Research Methodology Aim and Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine the rights of the accused within the framework of the Cr. P. C. It i s the objective of this paper to study the rights of the accused on arrest as ensured by the Cr.

Salvage Bid Company Online Environment

Salvage Bid is a company that puts damaged vehicles up for auction. This organization operates in an online environment. Therefore, this firm has an opportunity to interact with a great number of clients. In this case, the buyers are price-sensitive people, who want to purchase a car. These individuals may not have enough money to buy a brand-new car. Moreover, some of these individuals believe that a damaged vehicle can be repaired at a relatively lower cost.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Salvage Bid Company Online Environment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, one can also speak about clients willing to buy spare parts. This is one of the issues that should be considered because it is necessarily to understand the intentions of clients. In turn, the sellers are people do not know how to find potential buyers for the goods that they own. Additionally, it is possible to speak about people who may urgent ly need money for various purposes. These are some of the aspects that should be identified because they are important for understanding the functioning of this business. In turn, the company can be described as an intermediary that helps buyers gain access to relevant information about potential sellers or available products (Salvage Bid). This approach has been adopted by many organizations that try to benefit from the growing supply of used or damaged vehicles in the country (Pride and Ferell 238). On the whole, one can argue that this auction sites can be viewed as a micro-economic market. The functioning of this auction incorporates several elements. First of all, the buyers should be the registered members of this website in order to take part in the bidding. Moreover, the bidding itself lasts for a limited amount of time. The main benefit of this method is that it enables a seller to get the maximum price for his/her vehicle. More importantly, online accessibility of this auc tion increases the number of potential bidders who may compete with one another (Baye 103). Later, a buyer can take the car from one of the locations. It is important to remember that the customers able to assess the degree of damage (Salvage Bid). So, as a rule, they can make an informed decision about the value of a vehicle. This opportunity is also of great benefit to clients who want to choose the best product. It should be mentioned that the owners of this website do not disclose the information about the financial performance. They do not specify their net revenues or sales. Nevertheless, there are some data that can be very informative. For instance, every week its collection of vehicles is increased by 70000 new vehicles (Salvage Bid). Therefore, customers can find choose from a wide range of products. Additionally, this organization has approximately 700 locations (Salvage Bid). Furthermore, the prices for vehicles can range from $50 to $3000 (Salvage Bid). The eventual pri ce depends on the type of damage sustained by the vehicle or its model. This is one of the points that can be made.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, these examples indicate that this micro-economic market can be very vibrant. To a great extent, this auction site offers opportunities for both sellers and buyers who want to carry out an economic transaction. The existence of such markets is critical for the development of the economy. These are the main arguments that can be put forward. Works Cited Baye, Michael. The Economics of the Internet and E-commerce, New York: Elsevier, 2002. Print. Pride, William, and Ferrell, Oliver. Marketing, Cengage Learning, 2008. Print. Salvage Bid. â€Å"About SalvageBid.† Salvage Bid, 2013. Web. Feb. 26 2014. https://www.salvagebid.com/. This report on Salvage Bid Company Online Environment was written and submitted by user Angelica Monroe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

MASSED PRACTICE AND DICTRIBUTIVE PRACTICE1 essays

MASSED PRACTICE AND DICTRIBUTIVE PRACTICE1 essays Running head: MASSED PRACTICE AND DICTRIBUTIVE PRACTICE The Effects of Massed Practice and Distributive Practice on Motor Skill Task. Queens College/ City University of New York Over a century scientist have wonder if massed practice conditions are superior to distributive practice conditions or visa versa. According to a mete-analytic review scientists have researched this very phenomenon and have concluded that distributive practices conditions are superior to those of massed practice conditions in a variety of situations. These results are supported by Maureen Bergondys experiment on team practice schedules as well as William C. Chaseys experiment on distribution of practice on learning retention and relearning. This experiment deals with the relationship between conditions of massed practice and distributive practice with respect to task performance. The motor skill task performed by subjects in this study wrote the English alphabet upside down fifty times. One group was given the massed practice motor task; while subjects from the five other groups practiced the motor task under five different distributions of time. However, our findings do not support those of previous findings. Our mixed factorial experiment with 51 subjects indicates that neither massed practice conditions or distributive practice conditions were superior. Therefore, the subjects acquisition of the motor task did not improve as a result of massed or distributed practice, but rather as the result of practice alone. Massed Practice and Distributive Practice Massed practice conditions are those in which individuals practice a task continuously without rest. While distributive practice conditions are those in which individuals are given rest intervals within the practice session. This mixed factorial experiment with 51 subjects deals with the effects of massed practice and distributive practice with respect to acqui...

Biography Of Father Serra

An expedition brought Father Sera to San Diego Bay to build his first Mission. His second Mission was in Monterey Bay. It was called Mission Carmela. He built seven more mission and took the Indians In. In 1784 Father Sera was old, tired, and sick. He had a difficult time breathing and his leg was diseased and painful. He went to Mission Carmela which was his favorite and wrote letters to the Padres at the 9 Missions. He died on August 28, 1784 at 70 years old. Building a Mission Adobe was used to make buildings. A hole was dug in the ground by adobe. Adobe is a stiff dirt mixture. Soil is what its made out of. Plaster is important to the Mission. Lime plaster IS made from sea shells and stone. Lime shells where headed in kiln. There were fire proof roofs. The floor tiles were called ladinos. They were made Of a stiffer mixture and cooked in kiln. Livestock Livestock is really important to the Mission. Father Sera and Captain Portola brought with them the livestock during an expedition to California in 1769. The first 5 missions were given 18 cattle, 4 pigs, and some chickens.Cattle was the most important animal at the mission. They had long curved horns and sloping hinds which gave good meat. Cattle was killed a lot for meat, tallow, and hides. The cattle also gave them milk, cheese, and butter. Other animals were really important to the mission. Sheep were used to make wool and meat. Hogs made lard. They used hog and lard for cooking and soap. They ate sausage and ham. They used horses for traveling and riding. Oxen worked hard in fields. They also had chickens that made eggs and meat. The herds increased and the Indians became cowboys.They moved the animals to a rancho miles away. They branded the animals at the rancho. There was good space and water. That was the beginning of Californians livestock industry. Crops Vegetable gardens were in every Mission. They prepared the land the same way. Women, men, and children weeded the garden and hoed the garden. Girls and boys waved sticks and threw stones. Insects and animals build fences. An Indians Life at the Mission The church bells rang then I had to wake up and go say prayers. The second bell rang that called use to breakfast. They had hot corn mush. The third bell rang and called us to our daily jobs. Women stayed inside. They did weaving, sewing, and cooking. The men were outside plowing, planting, and weeding. They ate atoll and add vegetables and chunks of meat. They wrapped it in tortilla. After lunch they would have a siesta and then they would nap. Next they would find a shady place to eat. Grape vines under the tree and after they would go to bed. They would go back to work and a young guy would bring them some cool water. The meals are the same as breakfast.The last ell rings, time to pray. After praying, talking, games, and singing they would sleep again. Mission Santa Barbara Report Mission Santa Barbara was founded by Vermin Lasses on December 4th 1786, the feast day of Santa Barbara, as the 10th mission. This mission is between the Pacific Ocean and the Santa Yens Mountains. Santa Barbara is the only mission to be under the leadership of the Franciscan Friars since the beginning. Mission Santa Barbara was known to have 2 bell towers. They are now the same as the mission bells. It turned into 8 bells in 1833.Which has 8 Mission Bell towers. Operated by Franciscans. It was built with mainly adobe and some bricks. It was covered with plaster/white wash. Mission Santa Barbara is named after Saint Barbara, she was a Christian mater who was beheaded by her dad for following her faith. The inside of Mission Santa Barbara still looks like it did in the sasss. The Mission is not only active in the church, it is also a historical attraction. Mission Santa Barbara was built by Spanish Franciscans to try to get the Chums Indians to become Catholics.

Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation Assignment

Cost Effectiveness for Smoking Cessation - Assignment Example This relatively new (it was invented in China, 2003) device fully reproduces the process of smoking. Moreover, it is not harmful and helps to give up a bad habit. Although smoking cessation by means of electronic cigarettes seems to be a good method, a lot of people do not want to try this. It happens because there is a myth that these cigarettes are too expensive and it is better to buy something else in this case. This statement does not face real situation. That is why it is necessary to investigate the cost effectiveness and peculiarities of electronic cigarettes. The research concerning the problem under analysis was conducted by means of the following methods: 1) An anonymous Internet-based and cross-sectional survey. It took place among the first-time purchasers of electronic cigarettes. 2) Interviewing of people who smoke 3) The systematization and analysis of the information received in the process of investigation. 4) Anonymous interrogation. As for the results of my resear ch, there happened to be more men than women in the study. Thus, there were 71.5 percent of men and 28.5 percent of women. The majority of people asked had been smoking for six or even more years. The first group composed approximately 81.1 percent. It should be noted that a lot of people participating in the investigation tried to give up smoking several times (64.7 percent), but nothing helped them and there seemed to be no way out of this situation. Below are the details concerning demographic information, smoking characteristics and reduction of tobacco use after electronic cigarette use. Table 1. Demographic Information Variable N (%) Gender of the participants Male 153 (71.5) Female 61 (28.5) Age of the participants 19-24 41 (19.1) 24-44 114 (53) 45-64 48 (22.2) Over than 65 12 (5.7) Table 2. Smoking Characteristics Variable N (%) Years smoked or smoking history Less than 5 32 (14.8) 5-15 77 (35.5) 16-30 67 (30.9) More than 30 41 (18.8) The number of previous attempts to quit 0 16 (7.8) 1-2 59 (27.3) 3-5 90 (42) More than 5 59 (22.8) Table 3. Cessation or Reduction of Tobacco Use after Electronic Cigarettes use Variable N (%) Reported reducing nicotine use Yes 106 (49.2) No 109 (51) Reduced amount of tobacco cigarettes per day after electronic cigarette use Yes 143 (66.7) No 71 (33.1) Quit or abstained for a period of time Yes 105 (48.9) No 109 (52) It is seen from the tables listed above that more than the half of the participants (about two thirds) noticed positive results after the use of electronic cigarettes. They noted that the desire to smoke was decreased by means of this device. These people started smoking nicotine cigarettes more rarely than usual. Approximately the half of the participants stated that they had given up smoking for a short period of time after buying electronic cigarettes. It should be stressed that more than thirty percent of respondents were not smoking at the six-month point. The relation of electronic cigarettes to six-mon th smoking status is demonstrated in the table below. Table 4. The Relation of Electronic Cigarettes to Six-Month Smoking Status Use Pattern % of not smoking respondents Total. Smoking status at six-month point (n=217) 31 (24.8, 37.3) The number of times applied per day No current electronic cigarette dose (n=98) 26.7 (17.9, 35.7) Less than 5(n=50) 28.0 (15.4, 40.6) 5-10 (n=31) 35.5 (18.3, 52.7) 11-15 (n=16) 31.3 (6.2, 60.4) 16-20 (n=12) 33.2 (6.3, 60.4) More than 20 (n=10) 70.1

Development 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Development 1 - Essay Example 1 Balanced growth (1953) The theory of balanced growth was proposed by Ragnar Nurkse in 1953. This theory was framed on the fact that newly independent economies could not achieve faster economic development due to the rapidity in basic commodity exports. The imported industrial commodities were the only alternatives which could have expanded the destroyed economies. In other words, the balanced growth or simultaneous enlargement of all industries was the most appropriate way to stimulate the economic growth of underdeveloped economies. At the same time, this type of growth necessitated the accumulation of large resources at one time. According to Nurkse (1953), â€Å"poor developing economies were characterized by a large surplus of labour employed at zero marginal cost in the traditional sector† (cited in Hayami, Hayami and Godo, 135). Nurkse’s model failed to provide adequate alternatives for the development of newly independent economies. Take-off into sustained gro wth (1956) Rostow (1956) defines Take-off into sustained growth model as, â€Å"the interval during which the rate of investment increases in such a way that real output per capita rises† (cited in Crouzet, 153). He also proposes certain conditions for the application of this theory. Rostow says that the proportion of net investment to national income must rise from 5% to 10% in order to satisfy the terms of the theory. Although Rostow connected his theory with the events occurred in Great Britain and several other countries, the theorist could not get any support from the available quantitative data (153). Critical minimum effort thesis (1957) Harvey Leibenstein (1957 cited in Gupta, 176), in his Critical Minimum Effort thesis, says that initial stimulants to development must possess a critical minimum size in order to achieve sustained growth. He continues that change in the value of a set of variables causes the economic backwardness and it possesses a certain degree of st eadiness. Since the economy is subjected to frequent shocks, the actual value of the variables will always be different from that of equilibrium values. Although these stimulants have the capacity to raise the per capita incomes, it is not possible in economically backward regions due to the weakness of the magnitude of these stimulants. 2 The export-oriented industrialization strategy was introduced as a technique to reframe the underdeveloped economies. The essence of the theory is that large scale production and thereby exports would enhance the economic growth of the country. Hence, developing countries too much depended on the exports of a few primary products in order to bridge the wider gap with advanced economies. Dijck, Linnemann and Verbruggen (3) tells that as a result of this strategy, more and more foreign investors were attracted towards the country so that these developing nations were compelled to arrange all favorable investment situations for the foreigners. It cau sed severe challenges to governments as they faced with huge difficulties in implementing the planned budgets and other policies. In addition, the governments lost huge amounts on possible receipts as a result of unfavorable incentive schemes. Similarly, the export-oriented industrialisation caused curtailment of labor wages and it led to political oppression. This strategy influenced the developing natio

The West Virginia 1985 Flood Essay Example for Free

The West Virginia 1985 Flood Essay The floods of November 1985 devastated much of West Virginia. Authorities called the record-breaking floods that began November 4 the worst this century. More than 3,500 homes and 180 businesses were wiped out. 123 bridges were destroyed or damaged and hundreds of thousands of farm animals were killed. 47 West Virginians lost their lives, 28 of whom resided in Pendleton and Grant counties. 33 of West Virginias 55 counties were declared disaster areas. Its highest winds moved at 85Â  mph (140Â  km/h). Damage was estimated at $570 million. Hurricane Juan was blamed for the floods throughout central and eastern West Virginia, which hit the Gulf Coast on Halloween and moved north. As a step towards recovery The Forest Service scientists at the Northern Research Station’s Fernow Experimental Forest near Parsons, West Virginia along with the West Virginia Division of Forestry and Virginia Tech University have been evaluating the effects of forestry activities on flooding. Important conclusions from these research efforts are:-Most hydrologic models are not designed to handle extreme events, such as flooding; therefore such models must be used as predictive tools with caution; The amount and intensity of rainfall are the main determinants of the level of peak flows (the largest peak flows result in flooding), and during very large storms, harvesting activities did not significantly affect peak flows; and Timber harvesting does not contribute significantly to flooding. The Chessie System workers had one span of the new girder bridge in place less than a week after the flood waters had receded. Instead of constructing another double track bridge, Chessie System decided to just build a single-track one and construct a new interlocking farther west on Cheat River grade near Carrico Road Xing this solved the urgent communication problem that had resulted due to the collapse of the of the bridge. A culvert was put in place to channel the rest of the water over the side. In any natural disaster, a communitys self-sufficiency is its best hope for a speedy recovery. West Virginians were the model of resiliency in the aftermath of the 1985 flood. Not only did they help their neighbors by donating food, clothing and money, but also they banded together to rebuild their communities.

Comparison of Genetic Information In Eukaryotes And Prokaryotes Essay

Comparison of Genetic Information In Eukaryotes And Prokaryotes As for organisms in the world from humans to the smallest microbe, they directly reflect upon biodiversity, in respect to the appearance, size and expression. The reason behind this is caused by the genetic material found in each and every cell that composes each organism. Given that there are two types of cell organizations found in life, comparison of both ‘eukaryote’ and ‘prokaryote’ genomes will provide a better understanding for such diversity. ‘karyote’ refers to the nucleus, and also ‘pro’ means ‘absence’ and ‘eu’ means ‘presence’. Therefore the words prokaryote and eukaryote reflect upon the individual cell organization. In contrast, the both organizations show discrepancies as well as similarities which ultimately make them unique to one and other. The aim of this essay is to compare and contrast the genomes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes according to the perspective of Cell biology (The science that studies about cells). This comparison is conducted on genetic material, in respect to their location, size, expression, structure, architecture as well as number. Genome Location The location of genomes in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes show major discrepancies because they have different levels of cell organization. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, they lack membrane bound organelles such the nucleus. Therefore, genomes of the prokaryotes reside as irregular Protein and deoxyribos nucleic acid (DNA) complex in cytosol (liquid portion of cytoplasm). This area of the cytoplasm is defined as the ‘nucleoid’ (Bauman.R 2004). Unlike Eukaryotes, it does not possess a nuclear envelope. On the... ... In conclusion, the above comparison draws out few facts that should be taken into account for a better understanding of the genomes of the two organizations. Above all, the fact that the eukaryotes show similarities to prokaryotes could mean that they derived from prokaryotes initially, and then became more complex as they advanced. This fact also supports the Endosymbiosis theory. And the eukaryotic genomes are larger and more repetitive, which makes them less productive than the prokaryotic genes. But considering by the quantity of the genes, eukaryotes are effective. In the perspective of expression, the complex eukaryotes have to go through physical borders and take more time and energy to express its genes. Due to the simplicity of the prokaryotes, their genomes highly efficient much more simple and they are stronger than what people think.

English Literature Essay

Literature (from Latin litterae (plural); letter) is the art of written work, and is not confined to published sources (although, under some circumstances, unpublished sources can also be exempt). The word literature literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the pars pro toto term â€Å"letters† is sometimes used to signify â€Å"literature,† as in the figures of speech â€Å"arts and letters† and â€Å"man of letters.† The four major classifications of literature are poetry, prose, fiction, and non-fiction. What in Philippine Literature? Philippine literature is the literature associated with the Philippines and includes the legends of prehistory, and the colonial legacy of the Philippines. Most of the notable literature of the Philippines was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the 20th century in Spanish language. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, Tagalog, and/or other native Philippine languages. As a Filipino, What is the importance of Literature? Literature serves as an enormous information base. Research works by famous inventors and literary works by notable scientists often narrate stories of their groundbreaking discoveries and inferences. Ongoing developments in the fields of science and technology are documented so that the world can know about them. Several ancient scriptures relating stories of human evolution and narratives of human life in those times, have been of tremendous help to mankind. Thus, literature has always served as an authentic source of information from all around the world. What environmental education goals and features? Philippines is not an exemption in letting us feel the harsh realities of these environmental threats and challenges. With all the ever increasing demands created by the environmental problems accompanied by social, political and technological changes happening, the education sector is faced with challenges and is expected to initiate changes in the curriculum and give more attention to environmental education. The curriculum should be geared towards the provision of knowledge, skills and values that will help  the learners cope and adapt to these changes. The goal of environmental education is to develop an environmentally literate and responsible citizenry who will ensure the protection and the improvement of the environment, and bring about sustainability, social equity and economic efficiency in the use of the country’s natural resources. Because of the existing environmental problems we are into and the thrust for sustainability, the protection and improvement of the environment have become imperative educational goals. It is also envisioned that within the next decade, a great majority of Filipinos will be imbued with a sense of responsibility to care for, protect for, and enhance environmental quality that is conducive to their wellbeing and supportive of the nation’s economic development.

Night World : Soulmate Chapter 16

It was a very long time before Hannah heard footsteps again. She distracted herself during the long wait by whistling songs under her breath and thinking about the people she loved. Her mother. Her mother didn't even miss her yet, didn't know she was gone. But by tomorrow she would. Tomorrow was May first, Hannah's birthday, and Chess would give her mother the letter. Chess, of course. Hannah wished now that she'd spent more time saying goodbye to Chess, that she'd explained things better. Chess would have been fascinated. And she had a right to know she was an Old Soul, too. Paul Winfield. That was strange-she'd only known him a week. But he'd tried to help her. And at this moment, he knew more about Hannah Snow than anyone else in Montana. I hope he doesn't start smoking again if he rinds out I'm dead. Because that was probably how she would end up. Hannah had no illusions about that. She had a weapon-but so did Maya, and Maya was much faster and stronger. She was no match for Maya under the best of circumstances, much less when she was weak and feverish. The best she could hope for was to get Maya to kill her while she was still human. She thought about the Circle Daybreak members. They were good people. She was sorry she wouldn't have the chance to know them better, to help them. They were doing something important, something she instinctively sensed was necessary right now. And she thought about Thierry. He'll have to go wandering again, I guess. It's too bad. He hasn't had a very happy life. I was starting to think I could take that sadness out of his eyes†¦. When she heard a noise at last, she thought it might be her imagination. She held her breath. No. It's footsteps. Getting closer. She's coming. Hannah shifted position. She had stationed herself near the mouth of the cavern; now she took a deep breath and eased herself into a crouch. She wiped her sweaty right palm on her jeans and got a better grip on her stake. She figured that Maya would shine the flashlight toward the pole where Hannah had been tied, then maybe take a few steps farther inside the cavern, trying to see what was going on. And then I'll do it. I'll come out of the darkness behind her. Jump and skewer her through the back. But I've got to time it right. She held her breath as she saw light outside the mouth of the cavern. Her greatest fear was that Maya would hear her. Quiet†¦ quiet†¦ The light came closer. Hannah watched it, not moving. But her brain was clicking along in surprise. It wasn't the slanted, focused beam of a flashlight. It was the more diffuse pool of light from a lantern. She's brought another one. But that means†¦ Maya was walking in. Walking quickly-and not pausing. She couldn't shine the light onto the pole yet. And she didn't seem anxious to-apparently it didn't occur to her that she needed to check on Hannah. She was that confident. Hannah cursed mentally. She's going too far-she's out of range. Get up! Her plan in ruins, she flexed her knees and stood. She heard a crack in her knee joint that sounded as loud as a gunshot. But Maya didn't stop. She kept going. She was almost at the pole. As silently as she could, Hannah headed across the cavern. All Maya had to do was turn around to see her. Maya was at the pole. She was stopping. She was looking from side to side. Hannah was behind her. Now. Now was the time. Hannah's muscles could feel how she had to stab, to throw her weight behind the thrust so that the stake went in under Maya's left shoulder blade. She knew how to do it. †¦ But she couldn't. She couldn't stab somebody in the back. Somebody who wasn't menacing her at the moment, who didn't even know they were in danger. Oh, my God! Don't be stupid! Do it! Oh, my Goddess! a voice echoed back in her head. You're not a killer. This isn't even self-defense! Frustrated almost to the point of hysteria, Hannah heard herself let out a breath. It was wet. She was crying. Her arm drooped. Her muscles collapsed. She wasn't doing it. She couldn't do it. Maya slowly turned around. She looked both beautiful and eerie in the lantern light. She surveyed Hannah up and down, looking in particular at the drooping stake. Then she looked at Hannah's face. â€Å"You're the strangest girl,† she said, in what seemed to be genuine bewilderment. â€Å"Why didn't you do it? You were smart enough to get yourself out and make yourself a weapon. Why didn't you have the guts to finish it?† Hannah was asking herself the same thing. Only with more expletives. I am going to die now, she thought. And maybe die for good-because I don't have guts. Because I couldn't kill somebody I know is completely evil and completely determined to kill me. That's not ethics. That's stupid. â€Å"I suppose it's that Egyptian temple training,† Maya was saying. â€Å"Or maybe the life when you were a Buddhist-do you remember that? Or maybe you're just weak.† And a victim. I've spent a couple thousand years being a victim-yours. I guess I've got my part down perfect by now. â€Å"Oh, well. It doesn't really matter why,† Maya said. â€Å"It all comes down to the same thing in the end. Now. Let's get this over with.† Hannah stared at her, breathing hard, feeling like a rabbit looking at a headlight. Nobody should live as a victim. Every creature has a right to fight for its life. But she couldn't seem to get her muscles to move anymore. She was just too tired. Every part of her hurt, from her throbbing head to her raw fingertips to her bruised and aching feet. Maya was smiling, fixing her with eyes that shifted from lapis-lazuli blue to glacier green. â€Å"Be a good girl, now,† she crooned. I don't want to be a good girl†¦. Maya reached for her with long arms. â€Å"Don't touch her!† Thierry said from the cavern mouth. Hannah's head jerked sideways. She stared at the new pool of light on the other side of the cave. For the first few seconds she thought she was hallucinating. But, no. He was there. Thierry was standing there with a lantern of his own, tall and almost shimmering with coiled tension, like a predator ready to spring. The problem was that he was too far away. And Maya was too fast. In the same instant that it took Hannah to make her brain believe her eyes, Maya was moving. In one swift step, she was behind Hannah, with her hands around Hannah's throat. â€Å"Stay where you are,† she said. â€Å"Or I'll break her little neck.† Hannah knew she could do it. She could feel the iron strength in Maya's hands. Maya didn't need a weapon. Thierry put the lantern down and raised his empty hands. â€Å"I'm staying,† he said quietly. â€Å"And tell whoever else you've got in that tunnel to go back. All the way back. If I see another person, I'll kill her.† Without turning, Thierry shouted. â€Å"Go back to the entrance. All of you.† Then he looked at Hannah. â€Å"Are you all right?† Hannah couldn't nod. Maya's grip was so tight that she could barely say, â€Å"Yes.† But she could look at him, and she could see his eyes. She knew, in that moment, that all her fears about him not wanting her anymore were groundless. He loved her. She had never seen such open love and concern in anyone's face before. More, they understood each other. They didn't need any words. It was the end of misunderstandings and mistrust. For perhaps the first time since she had been Hana of the Three Rivers, Hannah trusted him without reservation. They were in accord. And neither of them wanted this to end with a death. When Thierry took his eyes from Hannah's, it was to look at Maya and say, â€Å"It's over, now. You have to realize that. I've got twenty people down here, and another twenty on the surface waiting.† His voice became softer and more deliberate. â€Å"But I give you my word, you can walk out of here right now, Maya. Nobody will touch you. All you have to do is let Hannah go first.† â€Å"Together,† Hannah said, coughing as Maya's hands tightened, cutting off her breath. She gasped and finished, â€Å"We go out together, Thierry.† Thierry nodded and looked at Maya. He was holding his hand out now, like someone trying to coax a frightened child. â€Å"Just let her go,† he said softly. Maya laughed. It was an unnatural sound, and it made Hannah's skin crawl. Nothing sane made a noise like that. â€Å"But that way, I won't win,† Maya said, almost pleasantly. â€Å"You can't win anyway,† Thierry said quietly. â€Å"Even if you kill her, she'll still be alive-â€Å" â€Å"Not if I make her a vampire first,† Maya interrupted. But Thierry was shaking his head. â€Å"It doesn't matter.† His voice was still quiet, but it was filled with the authority of absolute conviction, a kind of bedrock certainty that held even Hannah mesmerized. â€Å"Even if you kill her, she'll still be alive-here.† He tapped his chest. â€Å"In me. I keep her here. She's part of me. So until you kill me, you can't really kill her. And you can't win. It's that simple.† There was a silence. Hannah's own heart was twisted with the force of her love for him. Her eyes † were full. She could hear Maya breathing, and the sound was ragged. She thought that the pressure of Maya's hands was infinitesimally less. â€Å"I could kill you both,† Maya said at last in a grating voice. Thierry lifted his shoulders and dropped them in a gesture too sad to be a shrug. â€Å"But how can you win when the people you hate aren't there to see it?† It sounded insane-but it was true. Hannah could feel it hit Maya like a well-thrown javelin. If Maya couldn't have Thierry as her prize, if she couldn't even make him suffer, what was the point? Where was the victory? â€Å"Let's stop the cycle right here,† Thierry said softly. â€Å"Let her go.† He was so gentle, and so reasonable, and so tired-sounding. Hannah didn't see how anyone could resist him. But she was still surprised at what happened next. Slowly, very slowly, the hands around her neck loosened their grip. Maya stepped away. Hannah sucked in a deep breath. She wanted to run to Thierry, but she was afraid to do anything to unbalance the delicate stalemate in the cavern. Besides, her knees were wobbly. Maya was moving around her, taking a step or two in front of her, facing Thierry directly. â€Å"I loved you,† she said. There was a sound in her voice Hannah had never heard before, a quaver. â€Å"Why didn't you ever understand that?† Thierry shook his head. â€Å"Because it's not true. You never loved me. You wanted me. Mostly because you couldn't have me.† There was a silence then as they stood looking at each other. Not because they understood each other too well for words, Hannah thought. Because they would never understand each other. They had nothing to say. The silence stretched on and on-and then Maya collapsed. She didn't fall down. But she might as well have. Hannah saw the life go out of her-the hope. The energy that had kept Maya vibrant and sparkling after thousands of years. It had all come from her need to win . . . and now she knew she'd lost. She was defeated. â€Å"Come on, Hannah,† Thierry said quietly. â€Å"Let's go.† Then he turned to shout back into the tunnel behind him. â€Å"Clear the way. We're all coming out.† That was when it happened. Maya had been standing slumped, her head down, her eyes on the ground. Or on her backpack. And now, as Thierry turned away, she flashed one glance at him and then moved as fast as a striking snake. She grabbed the black stake and held it horizontally, her arm drawn back. Hannah recognized the posture instantly. As Hana of the Three Rivers she'd seen hunters throw spears all the time. â€Å"Game over,† Maya whispered. Hannah had a fraction of a second to act-and no time to consider. All she thought was, No. With her whole weight behind the thrust, she lunged at Maya. Stake first. The sharp wooden point went in just under Maya's shoulder blade. She staggered, off balance, her throw † ruined. The black stake went skittering across the rough stone floor. Hannah was off balance, too. She was falling. Maya was falling. But it all seemed to be happening in slow motion. I've killed her. There was no triumph in the thought. Only a sort of hushed certainty. When the slow-motion feeling ended, she found herself the way anybody finds themself after a fall. On the ground and surprised. Except that Maya was underneath her, with a stake protruding from her back. Hannah's first frantic thought was to get a doctor. She'd never seen someone this badly hurt before- not in this life. There was blood seeping out of Maya's back around the makeshift stake. It had gone in very deep, the wood piercing vampire flesh like razor-sharp steel through a human. Thierry was beside her. Kneeling, pulling Hannah slightly away from Maya's prone form, as if she might still be dangerous. Hannah reached for him at the same time, and their hands met, intertwined. She held on tight, feeling a rush of warmth and comfort from his presence. Then Thierry gently turned Maya onto her side. Hair was falling across Maya's face like a black waterfall. Her skin was chalky white and her eyes were wide open. But she was laughing. Laughing. She looked at Hannah and laughed. In a thick choking voice, she gasped. â€Å"You had guts-after all.† Hannah whispered, â€Å"Can we do anything for her?† Thierry shook his head. Then it was terrible. Maya's laugh turned into a gurgle. A trickle of blood ran out of the side of her mouth. Her body jerked. Her eyes stared. And then, finally, she was still. Hannah felt her own breath sigh out. She's dead. I killed her. I killed someone. Every creature has the right to fight for its life-or its loved ones. Thierry said softly, â€Å"The cycle is broken.† Then he let Maya's shoulder go and her body slumped down again. She seemed smaller now, shrunken. After a moment Hannah realized it wasn't an illusion. Maya was doing what all vampires do in the movies. She was falling in on herself, her tissues collapsing, muscle and flesh shriveling. The one hand Hannah could see seemed to be wasting away and hardening at the same time. The skin became yellow and leathery, showing the form of the tendons underneath. In the end, Maya was just a leather sack full of bones. Hannah swallowed and shut her eyes. â€Å"Are you all right? Let me look at you.† Thierry was holding her, examining her. Then when Hannah met his eyes, he looked at her long and searchingly and said with a different meaning, â€Å"Are you all right?† Hannah understood. She looked at Maya and then back at him. â€Å"I'm not proud of it,† she said slowly. â€Å"But I'm not sorry, either. It just-had to be done.† She thought another moment, then said, getting out each word separately, â€Å"I refuse to be †¦ a victim†¦ anymore.† Thierry tightened his arm around her. â€Å"I'm proud of you,† he said. Then he added, â€Å"Let's go. We need to get you to a healer.† They walked back through the narrow passageway, which was no longer dark because Thierry's people had placed lanterns every few feet. At the end of the passage, in the room with the vertical shaft, they had set up some sort of rope and pulley. Lupe was there, and Nilsson, and the rest of the CIA group. So were Rashel and Quinn. The fighters, Hannah thought. Everyone called and laughed and patted her when she came in with Thierry. â€Å"It's over,† Thierry said briefly. â€Å"She's dead.† Everyone looked at him and then at Hannah. And somehow they knew. They all cheered and patted her again. Hannah didn't feel like Cinderella anymore; she felt like Dorothy after killing the Wicked Witch. And she didn't like it. Lupe took her by the shoulders and said excitedly, â€Å"Do you know what you've done?† Hannah said, â€Å"Yes. But I don't want to think about it any more right now.† It wasn't until they'd hauled her up the vertical shaft that it occurred to her to ask Thierry how he'd found her. She was standing on an inconspicuous hillside with no buildings or landmarks around. Maya had picked a very good hiding place. â€Å"One of her own people sold her out,† Thierry said. â€Å"He got to the house about the same time I did this evening, and he said he had information to sell. He was a werewolf who wasn't happy with how she'd treated him.† A werewolf with black hair? Hannah wondered. But she was too sleepy suddenly to ask more questions. â€Å"Home, sir?† Nilsson said, a little breathlessly because he'd just come up the shaft. Thierry looked at him, laughed, and started to help Hannah down the hill. â€Å"That's right. Home, Nilsson.†

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